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      Linux下使用Ansible處理批量操作

      Ansible介紹

      • ansible是一款為類unix系統開發的自由開源的配置和自動化工具。它用python寫成,類似于saltstack和puppet,但是不同點是ansible不需要再節點中安裝任何客戶端。它使用ssh來通信。它基于python的paramiko開發,分布式,無需任何客戶端,輕量級,配置語法使用ymal及jinja2模板語言,更強的遠程命令執行操作。

      Ansibe特性

      • 部署簡單,只需在主控端部署Ansible環境,被控端無需做任何操作。
      • 默認使用SSH協議對設備進行管理。
      • 有大量常規運維操作模塊,可實現日常絕大部分操作。
      • 配置簡單、功能強大、擴展性強;
      • 支持API及自定義模塊,可通過Python輕松擴展。
      • 通過Playbooks來定制強大的配置、狀態管理。
      • 輕量級,無需在客戶端安裝agent,更新時,只需在操作機上進行一次更新即可。
      • 提供一個功能強大、操作性強的Web管理界面和REST API接口——AWX平臺。
      • 支持非root用戶管理操作,支持sudo。

      Ansible架構

          

        

      核心組件構成:

      • ansible(主體):ansible的核心程序,提供一個命令行接口給用戶對ansible進行管理操作;
      • Host Inventory(主機清單):為Ansible定義了管理主機的策略。一般小型環境下我們只需要在host文件中寫入主機的IP地址即可,但是到了中大型環境我們有可能需要使用靜態inventory或者動態主機清單來生成我們所需要執行的目標主機。
      • Core Modules(核心模塊):Ansible執行命令的功能模塊,多數為內置的核心模塊。
      • Custom Modules(拓展模塊):如何ansible自帶的模塊無法滿足我么你的需求,用戶可自定義相應的模塊來滿足自己的需求。
      • Connection Plugins(連接插件):模塊功能的補充,如連接類型插件、循環插件、變量插件、過濾插件等,該功能不常用
      • Playbook(任務劇本):編排定義ansible任務集的配置文件,由ansible順序依次執行,通常是JSON格式的* YML文件
      • API:供第三方程序調用的應用程序編程接口

      Ansible能做什么?

       ansible可以幫助運維人員完成一些批量任務,或者完成一些需要經常重復的工作。

      • 比如:同時在100臺服務器上安裝nginx服務,并在安裝后啟動服務。
      • 比如:將某個文件一次性拷貝到100臺服務器上。
      • 比如:每當有新服務器加入工作環境時,運維人員都要為新服務器部署某個服務。

      ansible的配置文件可以存放在任何位置,但配置文件有讀取順序。

      • 最先查找$ANSIBLE_CONFIG變量對應的位置和文件
      • 其次查找當前目錄下ansible.cfg
      • 然后查找用戶家目錄下的.ansible.cfg
      • 最后查找/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg(默認)

      ansible 命令執行過程。

      • 加載自己的配置文件,默認路徑為 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg;
      • 查找對應的主機配置文件,找到要執行的主機或者組;
      • 加載自己對應的模塊文件,如 command;
      • 通過ansible將模塊或命令生成對應的臨時py文件(python腳本), 并將該文件傳輸至遠程服務器;
      • 對應執行用戶的家目錄的.ansible/tmp/XXX/XXX.py文件;
      • 給文件 +x 執行權限;
      • 執行并返回結果;
      • 刪除臨時py文件,sleep 0退出;

      其他詳情見官方文檔:【傳送門

       環境準備:

      屬性 管理機 服務器-01 服務器-02
      節點 wenCheng Server-01 Server-02
      系統 CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Minimal) CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Minimal) CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Minimal)
      內核 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
      SELinux setenforce 0 | disabled setenforce 0 | disabled setenforce 0 | disabled
      Firewlld systemctl stop/disable firewalld systemctl stop/disable firewalld systemctl stop/disable firewalld
      IP地址 172.16.70.37 172.16.70.181 172.16.70.182

      Ansible常用參數及語法。

      ansible官方模塊文檔:【傳送門

      ansible官方命令參數:【傳送門

      Ansible常用模塊
          ping 模塊: 檢查指定節點機器是否還能連通,用法很簡單,不涉及參數,主機如果在線,則回復pong 。
          raw 模塊: 執行原始的命令,而不是通過模塊子系統。
          yum 模塊: RedHat和CentOS的軟件包安裝和管理工具。
          apt 模塊: Ubuntu /Debian 的軟件包安裝和管理工具。
          pip 模塊 : 用于管理Python庫依賴項,為了使用pip模塊,必須提供參數name或者requirements。
          synchronize 模塊: 使用 rsync 同步文件,將主控方目錄推送到指定節點的目錄下。
          template 模塊: 基于模板方式生成一個文件復制到遠程主機(template使用Jinjia2格式作為文件模版,進行文檔內變量的替換的模塊。
          copy 模塊: 在遠程主機執行復制操作文件。
          user 模塊 與 group 模塊: user模塊是請求的是 useradd , userdel,  usermod 三個指令,goup模塊請求的是groupadd, groupdel, groupmod 三個指令。
          service 或 systemd 模塊: 用于管理遠程主機的服務。
          get_url 模塊: 該模塊主要用于從http、 ftp 、https服務器上下載文件(類似于wget)。
          fetch 模塊: 它用于從遠程機器獲取文件,并將其本地存儲在由主機名組織的文件樹中。
          file 模塊: 主要用于遠程主機上的文件操作。
          lineinfile 模塊: 遠程主機上的文件編輯模塊
          unarchive模塊: 用于解壓文件。
          command 模塊 和 shell模塊: 用于在各被管理節點運行指定的命令. shell和 command 的區別:shell模塊可以特殊字符,而 command 是不支持
          hostname 模塊: 修改遠程主機名的模塊。
          script模塊: 在遠程主機上執行主控端的腳本,相當于 scp +shell組合。
          stat模塊: 獲取遠程文件的狀態信息,包括atime,ctime,mtime,md5,uid,gid等信息。
          cron 模塊: 遠程主機 crontab 配置。
          mount 模塊: 掛載文件系統。
          find 模塊: 幫助在被管理主機中查找符合條件的文件,就像  find 命令一樣。
          selinux模塊:遠程管理受控節點的selinux的模塊
      
      Ansible語法及配置參數
        語法格式:
          ansible <pattern_goes_here> -m <module_name> -a <arguments>
        也就是:
          ansible  匹配模式   -m  模塊  -a   '需要執行的內容'
      解釋說明:
        匹配模式:即哪些機器生效 (可以是某一臺, 或某一組, 或all) , 默認模塊為 command , 執行常規的shell命令. 
      
          -a MODULE_ARGS    #模塊的參數,如果執行默認COMMAND的模塊,即是命令參數,如: “date”,“pwd”等等
          -k,--ask-pass     #ask for SSH password。登錄密碼,提示輸入SSH密碼而不是假設基于密鑰的驗證
          --ask- su -pass     #ask for su password。su切換密碼
          -K,--ask- sudo -pass     #ask for sudo password。提示密碼使用sudo,sudo表示提權操作
          --ask-vault-pass     #ask for vault password。假設我們設定了加密的密碼,則用該選項進行訪問
          -B SECONDS     #后臺運行超時時間
          -C     #模擬運行環境并進行預運行,可以進行查錯測試
          -c CONNECTION     #連接類型使用
          -f FORKS     #并行任務數,默認為5
          -i INVENTORY     #指定主機清單的路徑,默認為/etc/ansible/hosts
          --list-hosts     #查看有哪些主機組
          -m MODULE_NAME     #執行模塊的名字,默認使用 command 模塊,所以如果是只執行單一命令可以不用 -m參數
          -o     #壓縮輸出,嘗試將所有結果在一行輸出,一般針對收集工具使用
          -S     #用 su 命令
          -R SU_USER     #指定 su 的用戶,默認為 root 用戶
          -s     #用 sudo 命令
          -U SUDO_USER     #指定 sudo 到哪個用戶,默認為 root 用戶
          -T TIMEOUT     #指定 ssh 默認超時時間,默認為10s,也可在配置文件中修改
          -u REMOTE_USER     #遠程用戶,默認為 root 用戶
          - v #查看詳細信息,同時支持-vvv,-vvvv可查看更詳細信息
      
      ansible-doc 命令常用于獲取模塊信息及其使用幫助,一般用法如下:
          ansible-doc -l                 #獲取全部模塊的信息
          ansible-doc -s MOD_NAME         #獲取指定模塊的使用幫助
      示例
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible-doc -l | grep authorized_key
      authorized_key                                                Adds or removes an SSH authorized key  
      
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible-doc -s authorized_key
      
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible-doc authorized_key

      情景一:Ansible安裝部署及首次批量分發公鑰(管理機)。

      • command模塊 和 shell模塊: 用于在各被管理節點運行指定的命令.;shell和command的區別:shell模塊可以特殊字符,而command是不支持。
      [root@wenCheng ~] # yum install epel-release -y
      [root@wenCheng ~] # yum install ansible -y
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible --version
      ansible 2.9.21
        config  file =  /etc/ansible/ansible .cfg
        configured module search path = [u '/root/.ansible/plugins/modules' , u '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules' ]
        ansible python module location =  /usr/lib/python2 .7 /site-packages/ansible
        executable location =  /usr/bin/ansible
        python version = 2.7.5 (default, Apr 11 2018, 07:36:10) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28)]
      
      [root@wenCheng ~] # rpm -qa | grep ansible
      ansible-2.9.21-1.el7.noarch
      [root@wenCheng ~] # rpm -ql ansible-2.9.21-1.el7.noarch | less
      /etc/ansible/ansible .cfg      #主配置文件,配置ansible工作特性
      /etc/ansible/hosts #主機清單
      /etc/ansible/roles/ #存放角色的目錄
      /usr/bin/ansible #主程序,臨時命令執行工具
      /usr/bin/ansible-doc #查看配置文檔,模塊功能查看工具
      /usr/bin/ansible-galaxy #下載/上傳優秀代碼或Roles模塊的官網平臺
      /usr/bin/ansible-playbook #定制自動化任務,編排劇本工具
      /usr/bin/ansible-pull #遠程執行命令的工具
      /usr/bin/ansible-vault #文件加密工具
      /usr/bin/ansible-console #基于Console界面與用戶交互的執行工具
      ......
      
      
      # 備份配置 
      [root@wenCheng ~] # cp /etc/ansible/hosts{,.bak}
      [root@wenCheng ~] # cp /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg{,.bak}
      [root@wenCheng ~] # vim /etc/ansible/hosts
      ......
      # 末行添加內容
      # 遠程主機(根據實際情況):單IP/IP段 用戶名 密碼 端口;下面舉例2類形式
      [type1]
      172.16.70.181 
      172.16.70.182
      [type1:vars]
      ansible_user= 'root'
      ansible_pass= 'centos'
      ansible_port= '22'
      
      [type2]
      172.16.70.[181:182] ansible_user= 'root' ansible_pass= 'centos' ansible_port= '22'
      
      
      [root@wenCheng ~] # vim /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
      ......
      host_key_checking = False     # 首次連接是否需要檢查key認證,取消注釋以禁用主機的ssh的密鑰檢查
      ......
      /var/log/ansible .log        # 取消注釋以記錄日志信息
      
      # 新建yaml文件
      [root@wenCheng ~] # cat /root/ssh_key.yml
      ---
        - hosts: all     # 遠程主機組
          tasks:
           - name: send id_rsa.pub
             authorized_key: user=root key= "{{ lookup('file', '/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub') }}"    # 被控制的遠程服務上的用戶名 本機的公鑰地址
      
      # 執行批量公鑰分發
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible-playbook ssh_key.yml
      
      PLAY [all] ********************************************************************************************************************************
      
      TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************************************************************************
      ok: [172.16.70.182]
      ok: [172.16.70.181]
      
      TASK [send id_rsa.pub] ********************************************************************************************************************
      ok: [172.16.70.181]
      ok: [172.16.70.182]
      
      PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************************************************
      172.16.70.181              : ok=2    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
      172.16.70.182              : ok=2    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
      
      # 驗證結果
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m command -a "hostname"
      172.16.70.182 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      Server-02
      172.16.70.181 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      Server-01
      
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m shell -a "hostname"
      172.16.70.182 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      Server-02
      172.16.70.181 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      Server-01
      
      # command模塊不支持管道
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m command -a "cat /etc/passwd| grep centos"
      172.16.70.181 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
      cat :  /etc/passwd |: No such  file or directory
      cat :  grep : No such  file or directory
      cat : centos: No such  file or directorynon-zero  return code
      172.16.70.182 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
      cat :  /etc/passwd |: No such  file or directory
      cat :  grep : No such  file or directory
      cat : centos: No such  file or directorynon-zero  return code
      
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd| grep centos"
      172.16.70.182 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      centos:x:1000:1000:: /home/centos : /bin/bash
      172.16.70.181 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
      centos:x:1000:1000:: /home/centos : /bin/bash
      
      # 修改sshd_config文件,禁止使用密碼登錄
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m shell -a "sed -i.bak 's/^PasswordAuthentication yes/PasswordAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config"
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m shell -a "systemctl restart sshd"

      情景二:管理機批量安裝軟件。

      • yum 模塊: RedHat和CentOS的軟件包安裝和管理工具。
      參數:
          config_file:yum的配置文件 (optional)
          disable_gpg_check:關閉gpg_check (optional)
          disablerepo:不啟用某個源 (optional)
          enablerepo:啟用某個源(optional)
          name:要進行操作的軟件包的名字,默認最新的程序包,指明要安裝的程序包,可以帶上版本號,也可以傳遞一個url或者一個本地的rpm包的路徑
          state:表示是安裝還是卸載的狀態, 其中present、installed、latest 表示安裝,  absent 、removed表示卸載刪除;  present默認狀態, laster表示安裝最新版本.
      
      安裝 rsync :
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m yum -a "name=rsync state=present"
      或
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m yum -a "name=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/rsync-3.1.2-10.el7.x86_64.rpm state=present"
      
      卸載 rsync :
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m yum -a "name=rsync state=removed"

      情景三:管理機批量分發文件/目錄。

      •  synchronize 模塊: 使用rsync同步文件,將主控方目錄推送到指定節點的目錄下。
      參數:
          delete: 刪除不存在的文件,delete= yes 使兩邊的內容一樣(即以推送方為主),默認no
          src: 要同步到目的地的源主機上的路徑; 路徑可以是絕對的或相對的。如果路徑使用”/”來結尾,則只復制目錄里的內容,如果沒有使用”/”來結尾,則包含目錄在內的整個內容全部復制
          dest:目的地主機上將與源同步的路徑; 路徑可以是絕對的或相對的。
          dest_port:默認目錄主機上的端口 ,默認是22,走的 ssh 協議。
          mode: push或pull,默認push,一般用于從本機向遠程主機上傳文件,pull 模式用于從遠程主機上取文件。
          rsync_opts:通過傳遞數組來指定其他 rsync 選項。
      
      # 接情景二環境,并創建所需文件/目錄
      [root@wenCheng ~] # tree /tmp/
      /tmp/
      ├── dir_ansible1
      │   └── 1
      ├── dir_ansible2
      │   └── 2
      ├── dir_ansible3
      │   └── 3
      ├── dir_ansible4
      │   └── 4
      ├── file_ansible1
      ├── file_ansible2
      ├── file_ansible3
      └── file_ansible4
      4 directories, 8 files
      
      
      # 推送文件/tmp/file_ansible1到遠程主機目錄/tmp下
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m synchronize -a 'src=/tmp/file_ansible1 dest=/tmp'
      
      # 推送文件/tmp/file_ansible2到遠程主機目錄并覆蓋原文件/tmp/file_ansible1
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m synchronize -a 'src=/tmp/file_ansible2 dest=/tmp/file_ansible1'
      
      # 推送目錄/tmp/dir_ansible1到遠程主機目錄/tmp下(保留遠程主機原/tmp內容不變再新增dir_ansible1目錄)
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m synchronize -a 'src=/tmp/dir_ansible1 dest=/tmp'
      
      # 推送目錄/tmp/的所有文件或目錄到遠程主機目錄/tmp下,使內容一致,默認delete=no(刪除遠程主機原/tmp內容再同步推送的目錄)
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m synchronize -a "src=/tmp/ dest=/tmp delete=yes"
      
      # 拉取遠程主機文件/etc/hostname到本地目錄/tmp
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m synchronize -a "src=/etc/hostname dest=/tmp rsync_opts='-a' mode=pull"
      •  copy 模塊: 在遠程主機執行復制操作文件。
      把主控節點本地的文件上傳同步到遠程受控節點上, 該模塊不支持從遠程受控節點拉取文件到主控節點上
      
      參數:
          src:指定源文件路徑,可以是相對路徑,也可以是絕對路徑,可以是目錄(并非是必須的,可以使用content,直接生成文件內容). src即是要復制到遠程主機的文件在本地的地址,可以是絕對路徑,也可以是相對路徑。
          如果路徑是一個目錄,它將遞歸復制。在這種情況下,如果路徑使用”/”來結尾,則只復制目錄里的內容,如果沒有使用”/”來結尾,則包含目錄在內的整個內容全部復制,類似于 rsync 。
          dest:指定目標文件路徑,只能是絕對路徑,如果src是目錄,此項必須是目錄. 這個是必選項!
          owner:指定屬主;
          group:指定屬組;
          mode:指定權限,可以以數字指定比如0644;
          content:代替src,直接往dest文件中寫內容,可以引用變量,也可以直接使用inventory中的主機變量. 寫后會覆蓋原文件內容!
          backup:在覆蓋之前將原文件備份,備份文件包含時間信息。有兩個選項: yes |no
          force: 如果目標主機包含該文件,但內容不同,如果設置為 yes ,則強制覆蓋,如果為no,則只有當目標主機的目標位置不存在該文件時,才復制。默認為 yes ;
          directory_mode:遞歸的設定目錄的權限,默認為系統默認權限;
          others:所有的 file 模塊里的選項都可以在這里使用;
      
      特別注意:  src和content不能同時使用。
      
      # 拷貝本地目錄/tmp/dir_ansible1至遠程主機目錄/tmp
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m copy -a 'src=/tmp/dir_ansible1 dest=/tmp backup=yes'
      
      # 拷貝本地文件/tmp/file_ansible1至遠程主機目錄/tmp,并修改屬組為centos,權限為400
      [root@wenCheng ~] # ansible all -m copy -a 'src=/tmp/file_ansible1 dest=/tmp group=centos mode=400'

       synchronize模塊與copy模塊區別:

      • copy 模塊不支持從遠端到本地的拉去操作,fetch 模塊支持,但是 src 參數不支持目錄遞歸,只能回傳具體文件;
      • copy 模塊的 remote_src 參數是指定從遠端服務器上往遠端服務器上復制,相當于在 shell 模塊中執行 copy 命令;
      • synchronize 則支持文件下發和回傳,分別對應的 push 和 pull 模式。synchronize 模塊的功能依賴于 rsync,但是功能不依賴于 rsync 配置文件中定義的模塊;
      • copy 模塊適用于小規模文件操作,synchronize 支持大規模文件操作

      附: Ansible默認配置解析:

      [root@wenCheng ~] # cat /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
      ......
      [defaults]
      
      # some basic default values...
      
      #inventory      = /etc/ansible/hosts            # 資源清單inventory文件的位置,腳本或連接管理主機列表
      #library        = /usr/share/my_modules/          # 庫文件存放目錄
      #module_utils   = /usr/share/my_module_utils/       # 模塊存放目錄
      #remote_tmp     = ~/.ansible/tmp              # 臨時文件遠程主機存放目錄
      #local_tmp      = ~/.ansible/tmp              # 臨時文件本地存放目錄
      #plugin_filters_cfg = /etc/ansible/plugin_filters.yml  # 拒絕模塊的配置文件  
      #forks          = 5          # 默認開啟的并發數
      #poll_interval  = 15          # 默認輪詢的時間間隔
      #sudo_user      = root         # 默認sudo用戶 
      #ask_sudo_pass = True         # 是否需要sudo密碼
      #ask_pass      = True         # 是否需要密碼    
      #transport      = smart        # 默認執行智能模式
      #remote_port    = 22          # 默認ssh遠程端口
      #module_lang    = C          # 默認模塊和系統之間通信的計算機語言,默認為'C'語言
      #module_set_locale = False      # 默認設置本地環境變量
      
      # plays will gather facts by default, which contain information about
      # the remote system.
      #
      # smart - gather by default, but don't regather if already gathered
      # implicit - gather by default, turn off with gather_facts: False
      # explicit - do not gather by default, must say gather_facts: True
      #gathering = implicit
      
      # This only affects the gathering done by a play's gather_facts directive,
      # by default gathering retrieves all facts subsets
      # all - gather all subsets
      # network - gather min and network facts
      # hardware - gather hardware facts (longest facts to retrieve)
      # virtual - gather min and virtual facts
      # facter - import facts from facter
      # ohai - import facts from ohai
      # You can combine them using comma (ex: network,virtual)
      # You can negate them using ! (ex: !hardware,!facter,!ohai)
      # A minimal set of facts is always gathered.
      #gather_subset = all
      
      # some hardware related facts are collected
      # with a maximum timeout of 10 seconds. This
      # option lets you increase or decrease that
      # timeout to something more suitable for the
      # environment.
      # gather_timeout = 10  # 收集一些與硬件相關的信息,允許根據系統情況來設置超時時間
      
      # Ansible facts are available inside the ansible_facts.* dictionary
      # namespace. This setting maintains the behaviour which was the default prior
      # to 2.5, duplicating these variables into the main namespace, each with a
      # prefix of 'ansible_'.
      # This variable is set to True by default for backwards compatibility. It
      # will be changed to a default of 'False' in a future release.
      # ansible_facts.
      # inject_facts_as_vars = True  # 設置為True是為了向后兼容,為了維護2.5之前的默認行為
      
      # additional paths to search for roles in, colon separated
      #roles_path    = /etc/ansible/roles      # 搜索角色的其它路徑,冒號分隔
      
      # uncomment this to disable SSH key host checking
      #host_key_checking = False        # 首次連接是否需要檢查key認證,取消注釋以禁用主機的ssh的密鑰檢查
      
      # change the default callback, you can only have one 'stdout' type  enabled at a time.
      #stdout_callback = skippy  # 更改默認回調的類型
      
      
      ## Ansible ships with some plugins that require whitelisting,
      ## this is done to avoid running all of a type by default.
      ## These setting lists those that you want enabled for your system.
      ## Custom plugins should not need this unless plugin author specifies it.
      
      # enable callback plugins, they can output to stdout but cannot be 'stdout' type.
      #callback_whitelist = timer, mail  # 回調插件白名單,限制默認插件自動調用。如果是自定義插件則不需要
      
      # Determine whether includes in tasks and handlers are "static" by
      # default. As of 2.0, includes are dynamic by default. Setting these
      # values to True will make includes behave more like they did in the
      # 1.x versions.  # 默認情況下,tasks和handlers是靜態。從2.0開始默認是動態
      #task_includes_static = False
      #handler_includes_static = False
      
      # Controls if a missing handler for a notification event is an error or a warning
      #error_on_missing_handler = True  # 如果處理程序丟失是錯誤還是警告
      
      # change this for alternative sudo implementations
      #sudo_exe = sudo
      
      # What flags to pass to sudo
      # WARNING: leaving out the defaults might create unexpected behaviours  
      #sudo_flags = -H -S -n  # 傳遞給sudo的標志,這里如果省略默認值可能會報錯
      
      # SSH timeout
      #timeout = 10      # 默認SSH超時時間
      
      # default user to use for playbooks if user is not specified
      # (/usr/bin/ansible will use current user as default)
      #remote_user = root  # /usr/bin/Ansible屬于哪個用戶,如果沒有給定,那么屬于playbook
      
      # logging is off by default unless this path is defined
      # if so defined, consider logrotate
      #log_path = /var/log/ansible.log      # 執行日志存放目錄
      
      # default module name for /usr/bin/ansible
      #module_name = command      # 默認執行的模塊
      
      # use this shell for commands executed under sudo
      # you may need to change this to bin/bash in rare instances
      # if sudo is constrained
      #executable = /bin/sh
      
      # if inventory variables overlap, does the higher precedence one win
      # or are hash values merged together?  The default is 'replace' but
      # this can also be set to 'merge'.
      #hash_behaviour = replace  # 如果inventory變量重疊,優先級越高的會被使用
      
      # by default, variables from roles will be visible in the global variable
      # scope. To prevent this, the following option can be enabled, and only
      # tasks and handlers within the role will see the variables there
      #private_role_vars = yes  # 默認情況下,角色中的變量將在全局變量中可見
      
      # list any Jinja2 extensions to enable here:
      #jinja2_extensions = jinja2.ext.do,jinja2.ext.i18n  # Jinjia2所有可用的擴展名
      
      # if set, always use this private key file for authentication, same as
      # if passing --private-key to ansible or ansible-playbook
      #private_key_file = /path/to/file  # 使用私鑰文件進行身份驗證,私鑰的存儲位置
      
      # If set, configures the path to the Vault password file as an alternative to
      # specifying --vault-password-file on the command line.
      #vault_password_file = /path/to/vault_password_file  # 如果設置,則配置Vault密碼文件的路徑,以替代在命令行上指定--vault-password-file
      
      # format of string {{ ansible_managed }} available within Jinja2
      # templates indicates to users editing templates files will be replaced.
      # replacing {file}, {host} and {uid} and strftime codes with proper values.
      #ansible_managed = Ansible managed: {file} modified on %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S by {uid} on {host}
      # {file}, {host}, {uid}, and the timestamp can all interfere with idempotence
      # in some situations so the default is a static string:
      #ansible_managed = Ansible managed
      
      # by default, ansible-playbook will display "Skipping [host]" if it determines a task
      # should not be run on a host.  Set this to "False" if you don't want to see these "Skipping"
      # messages. NOTE: the task header will still be shown regardless of whether or not the
      # task is skipped.
      #display_skipped_hosts = True
         # 默認情況下,如果確定不應該在主機上運行任務,則ansible-playbook將顯示Skipping [host],如果你不想看到這條消息,將其設置為False
      
      # by default, if a task in a playbook does not include a name: field then
      # ansible-playbook will construct a header that includes the task's action but
      # not the task's args.  This is a security feature because ansible cannot know
      # if the *module* considers an argument to be no_log at the time that the
      # header is printed.  If your environment doesn't have a problem securing
      # stdout from ansible-playbook (or you have manually specified no_log in your
      # playbook on all of the tasks where you have secret information) then you can
      # safely set this to True to get more informative messages.
      #display_args_to_stdout = False
      
      # by default (as of 1.3), Ansible will raise errors when attempting to dereference
      # Jinja2 variables that are not set in templates or action lines. Uncomment this line
      # to revert the behavior to pre-1.3.
      #error_on_undefined_vars = False
      
      # by default (as of 1.6), Ansible may display warnings based on the configuration of the
      # system running ansible itself. This may include warnings about 3rd party packages or
      # other conditions that should be resolved if possible.
      # to disable these warnings, set the following value to False:
      #system_warnings = True
      
      # by default (as of 1.4), Ansible may display deprecation warnings for language
      # features that should no longer be used and will be removed in future versions.
      # to disable these warnings, set the following value to False:
      #deprecation_warnings = True
      
      # (as of 1.8), Ansible can optionally warn when usage of the shell and
      # command module appear to be simplified by using a default Ansible module
      # instead.  These warnings can be silenced by adjusting the following
      # setting or adding warn=yes or warn=no to the end of the command line
      # parameter string.  This will for example suggest using the git module
      # instead of shelling out to the git command.
      # command_warnings = False
      
      
      # set plugin path directories here, separate with colons  # 插件的存儲位置,ansible將會自動執行下面的插件
      #action_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/action      
      #become_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/become
      #cache_plugins      = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/cache
      #callback_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback
      #connection_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/connection
      #lookup_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/lookup
      #inventory_plugins  = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/inventory
      #vars_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/vars
      #filter_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/filter
      #test_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/test
      #terminal_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/terminal
      #strategy_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/strategy
      
      
      # by default, ansible will use the 'linear' strategy but you may want to try
      # another one
      #strategy = free  # 默認情況下,ansible將使用“linear”策略
      
      # by default callbacks are not loaded for /bin/ansible, enable this if you
      # want, for example, a notification or logging callback to also apply to
      # /bin/ansible runs
      #bin_ansible_callbacks = False
         # 默認情況下沒有為/bin/ansible加載回調,如果你想要啟用它將其設置為True
      
      # don't like cows?  that's unfortunate.
      # set to 1 if you don't want cowsay support or export ANSIBLE_NOCOWS=1
      #nocows = 1  # 如果您不想要cowsay支持或導出ANSIBLE_NOCOWS = 1,則設置為1
      
      # set which cowsay stencil you'd like to use by default. When set to 'random',
      # a random stencil will be selected for each task. The selection will be filtered
      # against the `cow_whitelist` option below.
      #cow_selection = default
      #cow_selection = random
      
      # when using the 'random' option for cowsay, stencils will be restricted to this list.
      # it should be formatted as a comma-separated list with no spaces between names.
      # NOTE: line continuations here are for formatting purposes only, as the INI parser
      #       in python does not support them.
      #cow_whitelist=bud-frogs,bunny,cheese,daemon,default,dragon,elephant-in-snake,elephant,eyes,\
      #              hellokitty,kitty,luke-koala,meow,milk,moofasa,moose,ren,sheep,small,stegosaurus,\
      #              stimpy,supermilker,three-eyes,turkey,turtle,tux,udder,vader-koala,vader,www
      
      # don't like colors either?
      # set to 1 if you don't want colors, or export ANSIBLE_NOCOLOR=1
      #nocolor = 1
      
      # if set to a persistent type (not 'memory', for example 'redis') fact values
      # from previous runs in Ansible will be stored.  This may be useful when
      # wanting to use, for example, IP information from one group of servers
      # without having to talk to them in the same playbook run to get their
      # current IP information.
      #fact_caching = memory      # fact緩存的存儲類型。如果存儲在memory那么只是暫時的,你可以將其存儲在文件或者數據庫中
      
      #This option tells Ansible where to cache facts. The value is plugin dependent.
      #For the jsonfile plugin, it should be a path to a local directory.
      #For the redis plugin, the value is a host:port:database triplet: fact_caching_connection = localhost:6379:0
      
      #fact_caching_connection=/tmp  # fact緩存的存儲路徑
      
      
      
      # retry files
      # When a playbook fails a .retry file can be created that will be placed in ~/
      # You can enable this feature by setting retry_files_enabled to True
      # and you can change the location of the files by setting retry_files_save_path
      
      #retry_files_enabled = False
      #retry_files_save_path = ~/.ansible-retry      # 默認情況下,當playbook執行失敗時,將在~/創建.retry文件
      
      # squash actions
      # Ansible can optimise actions that call modules with list parameters
      # when looping. Instead of calling the module once per with_ item, the
      # module is called once with all items at once. Currently this only works
      # under limited circumstances, and only with parameters named 'name'.
      #squash_actions = apk,apt,dnf,homebrew,pacman,pkgng,yum,zypper
      
      # prevents logging of task data, off by default
      #no_log = False  # Ansible可以優化在循環時使用列表參數調用模塊的操作
      
      # prevents logging of tasks, but only on the targets, data is still logged on the master/controller
      #no_target_syslog = False  # 防止記錄任務,但僅在目標上,數據仍記錄在主/控制器上
      
      # controls whether Ansible will raise an error or warning if a task has no
      # choice but to create world readable temporary files to execute a module on
      # the remote machine.  This option is False by default for security.  Users may
      # turn this on to have behaviour more like Ansible prior to 2.1.x.  See
      # https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/become.html#becoming-an-unprivileged-user
      # for more secure ways to fix this than enabling this option.
      #allow_world_readable_tmpfiles = False
         # 控制Ansible是否會引發錯誤或警告,如果任務別無選擇,只能創建可讀的臨時文件來執行遠程計算機上的模塊。對于安全性,默認情況下此選項為False
      
      # controls the compression level of variables sent to
      # worker processes. At the default of 0, no compression
      # is used. This value must be an integer from 0 to 9.
      #var_compression_level = 9  # 控制發送到工作進程的變量的壓縮級別。 默認值為0時,不使用壓縮。 該值必須是0到9之間的整數
      
      # controls what compression method is used for new-style ansible modules when
      # they are sent to the remote system.  The compression types depend on having
      # support compiled into both the controller's python and the client's python.
      # The names should match with the python Zipfile compression types:
      # * ZIP_STORED (no compression. available everywhere)
      # * ZIP_DEFLATED (uses zlib, the default)
      # These values may be set per host via the ansible_module_compression inventory
      # variable
      #module_compression = 'ZIP_DEFLATED'  # 控制將ansible模塊發送到遠程系統時使用的壓縮方法
      
      # This controls the cutoff point (in bytes) on --diff for files
      # set to 0 for unlimited (RAM may suffer!).
      #max_diff_size = 1048576
         # 這將控制文件的--diff的截止點(以字節為單位),設置為0表示無限制(RAM可能會受損!)
      
      # This controls how ansible handles multiple --tags and --skip-tags arguments
      # on the CLI.  If this is True then multiple arguments are merged together.  If
      # it is False, then the last specified argument is used and the others are ignored.
      # This option will be removed in 2.8.
      #merge_multiple_cli_flags = True 
         # 這將控制ansible如何在CLI上處理多個--tags和--skip-tags參數。如果這是True,則將多個參數合并在一起。如果為False,則使用最后指定的參數,并忽略其他參數
      
      # Controls showing custom stats at the end, off by default
      #show_custom_stats = True  # 最后顯示自定義統計信息的控件,默認情況下已關閉
      
      # Controls which files to ignore when using a directory as inventory with
      # possibly multiple sources (both static and dynamic)
      #inventory_ignore_extensions = ~, .orig, .bak, .ini, .cfg, .retry, .pyc, .pyo
         # 控制將目錄用作具有可能多個源(靜態和動態)的庫存時要忽略的文件
      
      # This family of modules use an alternative execution path optimized for network appliances
      # only update this setting if you know how this works, otherwise it can break module execution
      #network_group_modules=eos, nxos, ios, iosxr, junos, vyos
         # 此系列模塊使用針對網絡設備優化的替代執行路徑,只有在您了解其工作原理的情況下才更新此設置,否則會破壞模塊執行
      
      # When enabled, this option allows lookups (via variables like {{lookup('foo')}} or when used as
      # a loop with `with_foo`) to return data that is not marked "unsafe". This means the data may contain
      # jinja2 templating language which will be run through the templating engine.
      # ENABLING THIS COULD BE A SECURITY RISK
      #allow_unsafe_lookups = False
         #啟用時,此選項允許查找(通過{{lookup('foo')}}之類的變量或當用作帶有“with_foo”的循環時)返回未標記為“不安全”的數據
      
      # set default errors for all plays
      #any_errors_fatal = False    # 為所有的操作設置默認錯誤
      
      [inventory]
      # enable inventory plugins, default: 'host_list', 'script', 'auto', 'yaml', 'ini', 'toml'
      #enable_plugins = host_list, virtualbox, yaml, constructed  # 默認啟動的插件
      
      # ignore these extensions when parsing a directory as inventory source
      #ignore_extensions = .pyc, .pyo, .swp, .bak, ~, .rpm, .md, .txt, ~, .orig, .ini, .cfg, .retry  # 在將目錄解析為庫存源時忽略這些擴展
      
      # ignore files matching these patterns when parsing a directory as inventory source
      #ignore_patterns=    # 在將目錄解析為庫存源時忽略與這些模式匹配的文件
      
      # If 'true' unparsed inventory sources become fatal errors, they are warnings otherwise.
      #unparsed_is_failed=False    # 如果'true'未解析的庫存來源成為致命錯誤,則會發出警告
      
      [privilege_escalation]   # 權限提升設置
      #become=True
      #become_method=sudo
      #become_user=root
      #become_ask_pass=False
      
      [paramiko_connection]   # 該部分功能不常用,了解即可。
      
      # uncomment this line to cause the paramiko connection plugin to not record new host
      # keys encountered.  Increases performance on new host additions.  Setting works independently of the
      # host key checking setting above.
      #record_host_keys=False      # 不記錄新主機的Key,以提示效率
      
      # by default, Ansible requests a pseudo-terminal for commands executed under sudo. Uncomment this
      # line to disable this behaviour.
      #pty=False      # 禁用sudo功能, 取消注釋此行以禁用此行為
      
      # paramiko will default to looking for SSH keys initially when trying to
      # authenticate to remote devices.  This is a problem for some network devices
      # that close the connection after a key failure.  Uncomment this line to
      # disable the Paramiko look for keys function
      #look_for_keys = False  # 默認初始查找SSH密鑰,取消注釋此行以禁用Paramiko查找鍵功能
      
      # When using persistent connections with Paramiko, the connection runs in a
      # background process.  If the host doesn't already have a valid SSH key, by
      # default Ansible will prompt to add the host key.  This will cause connections
      # running in background processes to fail.  Uncomment this line to have
      # Paramiko automatically add host keys.
      #host_key_auto_add = True  # 默認提示首次添加主機密鑰,取消注釋此行以使Paramiko自動添加主機密鑰
      
      [ssh_connection]   # Ansible默認使用SSH協議連接對端主機,該部署是主要是SSH連接的一些配置,但配置項較少,多數默認即可。
      
      # ssh arguments to use
      # Leaving off ControlPersist will result in poor performance, so use
      # paramiko on older platforms rather than removing it, -C controls compression use
      #ssh_args = -C -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s
         # 要使用的ssh參數離開ControlPersist會導致性能不佳,所以在較舊的平臺上使用paramiko而不是刪除它,-C控制壓縮使用 
      # The base directory for the ControlPath sockets.
      # This is the "%(directory)s" in the control_path option
      #
      # Example:
      # control_path_dir = /tmp/.ansible/cp
      #control_path_dir = ~/.ansible/cp
      
      # The path to use for the ControlPath sockets. This defaults to a hashed string of the hostname,
      # port and username (empty string in the config). The hash mitigates a common problem users
      # found with long hostnames and the conventional %(directory)s/ansible-ssh-%%h-%%p-%%r format.
      # In those cases, a "too long for Unix domain socket" ssh error would occur.
      #
      # Example:
      # control_path = %(directory)s/%%h-%%r  # 用于ControlPath套接字的路徑。 默認為主機名,端口和用戶名的散列字符串(配置中為空字符串)
      #control_path =
      
      # Enabling pipelining reduces the number of SSH operations required to
      # execute a module on the remote server. This can result in a significant
      # performance improvement when enabled, however when using "sudo:" you must
      # first disable 'requiretty' in /etc/sudoers
      #
      # By default, this option is disabled to preserve compatibility with
      # sudoers configurations that have requiretty (the default on many distros).
      #
      #pipelining = False   # 默認情況下,禁用此選項以保持兼容性,sudoers配置requiretty(許多發行版的默認設置)。
      
      
      # Control the mechanism for transferring files (old)
      #   * smart = try sftp and then try scp [default]
      #   * True = use scp only
      #   * False = use sftp only
      #scp_if_ssh = smart  # 控制傳輸文件的機制(舊)smart|True|False
      
      # Control the mechanism for transferring files (new)
      # If set, this will override the scp_if_ssh option
      #   * sftp  = use sftp to transfer files
      #   * scp   = use scp to transfer files
      #   * piped = use 'dd' over SSH to transfer files
      #   * smart = try sftp, scp, and piped, in that order [default]
      #transfer_method = smart  # 控制傳輸文件的機制(新) sftp|scp|piped|smart
      
      # if False, sftp will not use batch mode to transfer files. This may cause some
      # types of file transfer failures impossible to catch however, and should
      # only be disabled if your sftp version has problems with batch mode
      #sftp_batch_mode = False  # False為sftp將不使用批處理模式傳輸文件,并且只有在sftp版本的批處理模式出現問題時才應禁用
      
      # The -tt argument is passed to ssh when pipelining is not enabled because sudo
      # requires a tty by default.
      #usetty = True   # 未啟用管道傳輸時,-tt參數將傳遞給ssh,因為默認情況下sudo需要tty 
      
      # Number of times to retry an SSH connection to a host, in case of UNREACHABLE.
      # For each retry attempt, there is an exponential backoff,
      # so after the first attempt there is 1s wait, then 2s, 4s etc. up to 30s (max).
      #retries = 3    # 重試與主機的SSH連接的次數
      
      [persistent_connection]
      
      # Configures the persistent connection timeout value in seconds.  This value is
      # how long the persistent connection will remain idle before it is destroyed.
      # If the connection doesn't receive a request before the timeout value
      # expires, the connection is shutdown. The default value is 30 seconds.
      #connect_timeout = 30  # 持久連接超時時間,單位秒
      
      # The command timeout value defines the amount of time to wait for a command
      # or RPC call before timing out. The value for the command timeout must
      # be less than the value of the persistent connection idle timeout (connect_timeout)
      # The default value is 30 second.
      #command_timeout = 30  # 命令超時時間,必須小持于久連接空閑超時的時間,單位秒
      
      [accelerate]     # 該配置項在提升Ansibile連接速度時會涉及,多數保持默認即可。
      #accelerate_port = 5099        # 加速連接端口
      #accelerate_timeout = 30        # 命令執行超時時間,單位秒
      #accelerate_connect_timeout = 5.0   # 連接超時時間,單位秒
      
      # The daemon timeout is measured in minutes. This time is measured
      # from the last activity to the accelerate daemon.
      #accelerate_daemon_timeout = 30    # 上一個活動連接的時間,單位分鐘
      
      # If set to yes, accelerate_multi_key will allow multiple
      # private keys to be uploaded to it, though each user must
      # have access to the system via SSH to add a new key. The default
      # is "no".
      #accelerate_multi_key = yes   # 允許通過SSH使用多個私鑰 
      
      
      [selinux]      # 關于selinux的相關配置幾乎不會涉及,保持默認配置即可。
      # file systems that require special treatment when dealing with security context
      # the default behaviour that copies the existing context or uses the user default
      # needs to be changed to use the file system dependent context.
      #special_context_filesystems=nfs,vboxsf,fuse,ramfs,9p,vfat
      
      # Set this to yes to allow libvirt_lxc connections to work without SELinux.
      #libvirt_lxc_noseclabel = yes
      
      [colors]       # Ansible對于輸出結果的顏色也進行了詳盡的定義且可配置,該選項對日常功能應用影響不大,幾乎不用修改
      #highlight = white
      #verbose = blue
      #warn = bright purple
      #error = red
      #debug = dark gray
      #deprecate = purple
      #skip = cyan
      #unreachable = red
      #ok = green
      #changed = yellow
      #diff_add = green
      #diff_remove = red
      #diff_lines = cyan
      
      
      [ diff ]
      # Always print diff when running ( same as always running with -D/--diff )
      # always = no    # 在運行時始終打印diff(與使用-D / - diff 運行相同)
      
      # Set how many context lines to show in diff
      # context = 3    # 設置要在diff中顯示的上下文行數
       
       
       
       
       
       
      posted @ 2021-07-14 08:53  講文張字  閱讀(4854)  評論(0)    收藏  舉報
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