/**
 * The <code>CriteriaQuery</code> interface defines functionality that is specific 
 * to top-level queries.
 *
 * @param <T>  the type of the defined result
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface CriteriaQuery<T> extends AbstractQuery<T> {

    /**
     * Creates a WHERE clause for a query of the referenced entity in form of a {@link Predicate} for the given
     * {@link Root} and {@link CriteriaQuery}.
     *
     * @param root must not be {@literal null}.
     * @param query must not be {@literal null}.
     * @param criteriaBuilder must not be {@literal null}.
     * @return a {@link Predicate}, may be {@literal null}.
     */
    @Nullable
    Predicate toPredicate(Root<T> root, CriteriaQuery<?> query, CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder);

  public Page<User> getUsers(Integer id, Integer pageNum, Integer pageSize) {
    Sort sort = Sort.by(Sort.Direction.DESC, "id");
    Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(pageNum, pageSize, sort);

    Specification<User> specification = new Specification<>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<User> root, CriteriaQuery<?> query, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
        Path<Integer> idPath = root.get("id");

        query.where(cb.lt(idPath, id));
        query.orderBy(cb.asc(idPath));

        return query.getRestriction();
      }
    };
    return userRepository.findAll(specification, pageable);
  }

/**
 * The <code>CommonAbstractCriteria</code> interface defines functionality 
 * that is common to both top-level criteria queries and subqueries as 
 * well as to update and delete criteria operations.
 * It is not intended to be used directly in query construction.
 *
 * <p> Note that criteria queries and criteria update and delete operations
 * are typed differently.
 * Criteria queries are typed according to the query result type.
 * Update and delete operations are typed according to the target of the
 * update or delete.
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface CommonAbstractCriteria {

    /**
     * Create a subquery of the query. 
     * @param type  the subquery result type
     * @return subquery 
     */
    <U> Subquery<U> subquery(Class<U> type);

    /**
     * Return the predicate that corresponds to the where clause
     * restriction(s), or null if no restrictions have been
     * specified.
     * @return where clause predicate
     */
    Predicate getRestriction();
 
}

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>TypedQuery</code> for executing a
     * criteria query.
     * @param criteriaQuery  a criteria query object
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the criteria query is
     *         found to be invalid
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> TypedQuery<T> createQuery(CriteriaQuery<T> criteriaQuery); 

  private void getUserList(String specialEmail) {
    CriteriaBuilder cb = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
    CriteriaQuery<User> query = cb.createQuery(User.class);

    Root<User> root = query.from(User.class);

    Path<User> email = root.get("email");
    Predicate predicateEmail = cb.equal(email, specialEmail);
    query.where(predicateEmail);

    TypedQuery<User> q = entityManager.createQuery(query);
    List<User> result = q.getResultList();
    for (User user : result) {
      //打印查詢結(jié)果
      System.out.println(user.toString());
    }
  }