發覺很多python coding不怎么用，很多基本結構有所生疏。近期會持續把常用的數據結構用python搞一搞，會更新：

d = {}
res = ''
for i in range(11):
    d[i] = chr(i)


for i in range(11):
    key = list(d.keys())[i]
    value = d[key]
    new_char = chr(key+ ord(value))
    res += new_char

print(res)

回文測試：

def isPalindrome(self, s: str) -> bool:
        s= [c.lower() for c in s if c.isalnum()]
        return all (s[i] == s[~i] for i in range(len(s)//2))

class Color:
    def __init__(self, suffix):
        self.suffix = suffix
        self.title = f"Golden {suffix}"
 
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Color('{self.suffix}')"
 
 
c1 = Color("Yellow")
# create another object with same params as c1
# using eval() on repr()
c2 = eval(repr(c1))
 
print("c1.title:", c1.title)
print("c2.title:", c2.title)

Output:

c1.title: Golden Yellow
c2.title: Golden Yellow

__init__() method that takes a suffix parameter and sets an instance variable self. suffix to that value. 
It also sets another instance variable self. title to a string that includes 
the suffix. Finally, it defines an __repr__() method that returns a string representation of the object.

You just called __str__
You just called __repr__
You just called __str__
#below code:
class Cylinder:
    pi = 3.14
    def __init__(self, radius, height):
        self.radius = radius
        self.height = height
    
    def __str__(self):
        return "You just called __str__"

    def __repr__(self):
        return "You just called __repr__"

cylinderOne = Cylinder(3, 6)

print(cylinderOne)

print(repr(cylinderOne))

print(str(cylinderOne))

1863. Sum of All Subset XOR Totals

The XOR total of an array is defined as the bitwise XOR of all its elements, or 0 if the array is empty.

• For example, the XOR total of the array [2,5,6] is 2 XOR 5 XOR 6 = 1.

Given an array nums, return the sum of all XOR totals for every subset of nums. 

Note: Subsets with the same elements should be counted multiple times.

An array a is a subset of an array b if a can be obtained from b by deleting some (possibly zero) elements of b.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,3]
Output: 6
Explanation: The 4 subsets of [1,3] are:
- The empty subset has an XOR total of 0.
- [1] has an XOR total of 1.
- [3] has an XOR total of 3.
- [1,3] has an XOR total of 1 XOR 3 = 2.
0 + 1 + 3 + 2 = 6

Example 2:

Input: nums = [5,1,6]
Output: 28
Explanation: The 8 subsets of [5,1,6] are:
- The empty subset has an XOR total of 0.
- [5] has an XOR total of 5.
- [1] has an XOR total of 1.
- [6] has an XOR total of 6.
- [5,1] has an XOR total of 5 XOR 1 = 4.
- [5,6] has an XOR total of 5 XOR 6 = 3.
- [1,6] has an XOR total of 1 XOR 6 = 7.
- [5,1,6] has an XOR total of 5 XOR 1 XOR 6 = 2.
0 + 5 + 1 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 2 = 28

Example 3:

Input: nums = [3,4,5,6,7,8]
Output: 480
Explanation: The sum of all XOR totals for every subset is 480.

該代碼使用按位OR運算符|計算輸入列表中所有數字的按位OR，并將其存儲在變量all_or中。然后，它使用左位移運算符<<計算可能的數字子集的總數，即2^n，其中n是列表的長度，并從中減去1，以獲得不包括空集的子集數。最后，它將all_or與子集的數量相乘，以獲得所有子集的XOR之和。

請注意，此代碼實際上不會生成所有子集并計算其XOR，這將是具有O(2^n)時間復雜度的蠻力方法。相反，它使用XOR運算的數學屬性，即兩個相等數的XOR為0，0的數的XOR是數本身，并使用公式計算答案。這種方法的時間復雜度為O（n），對于較大的輸入來說更有效。