django tutorial 都說了什么。

新建項目及應用
數據庫模型
視圖函數與模板
- 模板語法
- 模板中展示數據
編寫測試
- TestCase類
后臺模板渲染
- 展示數據

新建項目及應用

安裝虛擬環境和django

pip install virtualenv

新建虛擬環境并安裝django

# 安裝依賴python3 的虛擬環境
virtualenv djangovenv -p python3

workon djangovenv
# 安裝django
pip install django

新建項目和應用

# 新建項目
django-admin startproject mysite
cd mysite
# 新建應用
python manage.py polls

路由映射

路由映射到基于函數的視圖---FBV

mysite/urls.py

from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
  path('polls/', include('polls.apps.PollsConfig'), name='polls')
]

polls/urls.py

from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name='polls'
urlpatterns =[
  # 基于函數的視圖函數映射
  path('', views.index, name='index'),
  path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
  path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
  path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

視圖映射到基于類的視圖---CBV

from django.urls import path
from .import views

app_name='polls'
urlpatterns=[
  path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
  # 通過視圖類渲染的， id直接命名pk
  path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
  path('<int:pk>/results/', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),
  # vote沒有視圖模板， 所以不需要視圖類
  path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),

視圖函數

基于函數的視圖

polls/views.py 三種方法渲染視圖模板

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.url import request, HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_time')[:5]
    # 1. 直接文字顯示結果
    # output = ','.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question])
    # return HttpResponse(output)

    context = {
        'latest_question_list': latest_question_list
    }
    ## 2. 通過loader.template
    template = loader.template('polls/index.html')
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
    
    ## 3. 通過render函數渲染模板
    return render(request, 'polls/index.html, context)

基于類的視圖

Django封裝了不同類型的視圖類，只需要填寫對應的屬性或改寫響應的方法就能自動渲染響應模板

views.py

from django.views import generic

def IndexView(generic.ListView):
  model = Question
  context_object_name='latest_question_list'
  template_name='polls/index.html'

  def get_queryset(self):
    return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

def DetailView(generic.DetailView):
  model = Question
  template_name='polls/detail.py'

  def get_queryset(self):
    # 過濾未來發布問題， 再測試中糾正的錯誤
    return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()

def ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
  model = Question
  template_name='polls/results.py'

路由映射到類函數

數據庫模型

新建數據庫類

models.py

from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

class Question(models.Model):
  question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
  pub_date = models.DatetimeField(default=timezone.now())

  def __str__(self):
    return self.question_text

  def was_published_recently(self):
    # 一天內發布的問題為近期問題， 注意未來的時間點不是近期，需要做分割
    return self.pub_date-datetime.delta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= timezone.now()

class Choice(models.Model):
  question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
  choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
  vote = models.IntegerField(default=0)

  def __str__(self):
    return self.choice_text

setting.py 中添加應用配置

INSTALLED_APP=[
  'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
  ...
]

命令行生成數據庫

# 生成遷移文件
python manage.py makemigrations polls
# 執行遷移
python manage.py migrate
# 執行指定遷移
python manage.py migrate polls 0001

交互窗口操作數據庫

python manage.py shell
>>> from .models import Question, Choice
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> Question.objects.create(question_text='What's up?', pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q = question.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> q.question_text
>>> q.pub_date
>>> q.id
>>> q1 = Question(question_text='What's your favorate color?', pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q1.save()
>>> Question.objects.all()
>>> q.choice_set.all()
>>> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
<Choice: Not much>
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
<Choice: The sky>
>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)
>>> c.question
>>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
<QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]>

# Let's delete one of the choices. Use delete() for that.
>>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
>>> c.delete()

視圖函數與模板

編寫測試

TestCase類

對數據庫模型類的實例方法的測試

通過執行結果與期待的結果相同，則測試通過

import datetime
from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone
from .model import Question, Choice

class QuestionTestCase(TestCase):
  """Question 模型單元測試"""
  def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
    # 測試未來的任務， 是否是最近的任務， 期待結果是False
    future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now()+datetime.timedelta(days=30))
    self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently, False)

  def test_was_published_recently_with_order_question(self):
    # 測試過去的任務（一天以上）， 是否是最近的， 期待結果是False
    order_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=30))
    self.assertIs(order_question.was_published_recently, False)

  def test_was_published_recently_with_recently_quesiton(self):
    # 測試一天內的任務是否為最近任務， 期待結果為True
    recently_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(hours=23,minutes=59,seconds=59)
    self.assertIs(recently_question.was_published_recently, True)
  ## 通過以上的三個測試通過，對應選項， 可以判定哪個區間出了問題， 來修補漏洞

對視圖函數測試響應結果數據

def create_question(question_text, days):
  # 與之前的創建實例不同， 這個需要寫入測試臨時數據庫中
  time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
  return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=pub_date)

class QuestionIndexViewTestCase(TestCase):
   def test_no_question(self):
    # 測試沒有發布問題 期待 訪問成功， 響應包含為 "No Polls.." queryset為[]
    response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) # 測試訪問狀態碼， 連接成功
    self.assertContains(response, 'No polls')
    self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

  def test_past_question(self):
    # 測試過去發布問題， 期待queryset中包含[question]
    question = create_quesiton("Past question", days=-30)
    response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
    self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [question])

  def test_future_question(self):
    # 測試未來時間發布問題， 期待queryset為[]
    question = create_quesiton("Future question", days=30)
    response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
    self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

  def test_past_question_and_future_question(self):
    # 測試過去發布問題， 期待queryset中包含[question]
    question = create_question("Past question", days=-30)
    create_question("Future question", days=30)
    response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
    self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [question])

  def test_two_past_questions(self):
    # 測試過去發布問題， 期待queryset中包含[question1, question2]
    question1 = create_quesiton("Past question 1.", days=-30)
    question2 = create_quesiton("Past question 2.", days=-5)
    response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
    self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [question2, question1])


class QuestionDetailViewTestCase(TestCase):
    # 測試過去發布問題， 期待結果中包含對應問題
    def test_past_question(self):
        question = create_question(question_text="Past question", days=-5)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:detail', args=(question.id,)))
        self.assertContains(response, question.question_text)
    # 測試未來發布問題， 期待結果訪問結果未找到 404
    def test_future_question(self):
        question = create_question(question_text="Future question", days=5)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:detail', args=(question.id,)))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

后臺模板渲染

posted @ 2022-03-26 23:58 lghgo 閱讀(63) 評論(0) 收藏舉報

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lghgo

django tutorial 都說了什么。

新建項目及應用

安裝虛擬環境和django

新建項目和應用

路由映射

路由映射到基于函數的視圖---FBV

視圖映射到基于類的視圖---CBV

視圖函數

基于函數的視圖

基于類的視圖

路由映射到類函數

數據庫模型

新建數據庫類

命令行生成數據庫

交互窗口操作數據庫

視圖函數與模板

編寫測試

對數據庫模型類的實例方法的測試

對視圖函數測試響應結果數據

后臺模板渲染

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