《Operating System Concepts》學習第 13 天，p95-p124 總結，總計 30 頁。

一、技術總結

1.counter

Most of the counter-based tools on Linux systems read statistics from the /proc file system.

(1)per-process

ps, top。

(2)system-wide

vmstat, netstat, iostat。

2.tracing

(1)per-process

strace，gdb。

(2)system-wide

perf, tcpdump。

3.process

(1) 定義

Process is a program loaded into memory and executing.

(2)內存布局

自底向上分別是：Text section—the executable code > Data section—global variables > Heap section—memory that is dynamically allocated during program runtime > Stack section—temporary data storage when invoking functions (such as function parameters, return addresses, and local variables)。

二、英語總結(生詞：4)

1.tuning

(1)tuning: tune

u. the process of adjusting sth to achieve the desired performance or sound(調優).

示例：Performance problems are considered bugs, so debugging can also include performance tuning, which seeks to improve performance by removing processing bottlenecks(《Operating System Concepts》第 95 頁)。

2.shrink and grow

(1)shrink

vi/vt. to become smaller, to make sth smaller。

shrink and grow 的意思不難理解，就是我搞不明為什么有時候用 shrink and grow, 有時候用 decrease and increase，有時候用 reduce and grow，是否有什么講究，還是都可以？查了很多解釋，有時候這些解釋也互相矛盾。這里記錄一下遇到的例子，后續再對比總結一下。

(2)說明

看到一種說法是：對于 size, 使用 shrink。

(3)示例：

Notice that the sizes of the text and data sections are fixed, as their sizes do not change during program runtime. However, the stack and heap sections can shrink and grow dynamically during program execution.(《Operating System Concepts》第 107 頁)。

3.delineate

(1)delineate: de-("completely") + lineare("draw line")

vt. Delineate literally means "to draw line completely" or "to outline sth in detail"(描繪，描述)。

示例：Certain operating systems also more finely delineate process states(《Operating System Concepts》第 109 頁)

4.migrate

(1)migrate: *mei-("to move from one place to another")

示例：A process migrates among the ready queue and various wait queues throughout its lifetime(《Operating System Concepts》第 113 頁)

關于英語的注解同步更新匯總到 https://github.com/codists/English-In-CS-Books 倉庫。

三、其它

第 2 章(operating-system structure)簡評：介紹了call, system structure, debuggin工具等。

四、參考資料

1. 編程

(1) Abraham Silberschatz，Peter Baer Galvin，Greg Gagne《Operating System Concepts》：https://book.douban.com/subject/30272539/

2. 英語

(1) Etymology Dictionary：https://www.etymonline.com

(2) Cambridge Dictionary：https://dictionary.cambridge.org

歡迎搜索及關注：編程人(a_codists)