《Operating System Concepts》學習第 5 天，p17-p25 總結，總計 9 頁。

一、技術總結

1.計算機系統的組成結構

(1)CPU—The hardware that executes instructions.

(2)Processor—A physical chip that contains one or more CPUs.

(3)Core—The basic computation unit of the CPU.

(4)Multicore—Including multiple computing cores on the same CPU.

(5)Multiprocessor—Including multiple processors.

本人覺得這寫總結非常好，摘錄一下。

2.dual-mode

In order to ensure the proper execution of the system, we must be able to distinguish between the execution of operating-system code and user-defined code. The approach taken by most computer systems is to provide hardware support that allows differentiation among various modes of execution(為了確保系統正確執行，我們要區分出某個執行是系統代碼的執行還是用戶代碼的執行——大部分計算機采用的方法是提供硬件支持，允許在各種模式之間進行切換)。

(1)user mode

(2)kernel mode

也稱為 supervisor mode, system mode, privileged mode。

二、英語總結(生詞：1)

1.contention

(1)contend: con-("together, with") + tendere("to stretch, to strive")

vi/vt. to compete in order to win sth.示例：The top tennis players in the world are contending for this title.

(2)contention

u. an act or instance of contending. 示例：He has taken himself out of contention for the directorship。

示例：Aside from architectural considerations, such as cache, memory, and bus contention, a multicore processor with N cores appears to the operating system as N standard CPUs(《Operating System Concepts》第 18 頁)。

關于英語的注解同步更新匯總到 https://github.com/codists/English-In-CS-Books 倉庫。

三、其它

日常吐槽——kernel mode 也稱為 supervisor mode, system mode, privileged mode。各種稱呼是真的多，有時候我們就是被這種名字繞暈了，導致搞不清楚這么多名詞到底是指不同的東西，還是指同一個東西。

四、參考資料

1. 編程

(1) Abraham Silberschatz，Peter Baer Galvin，Greg Gagne《Operating System Concepts》：https://book.douban.com/subject/30272539/

2. 英語

(1) Etymology Dictionary：https://www.etymonline.com

(2) Cambridge Dictionary：https://dictionary.cambridge.org

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