應(yīng)用層：HTTP超文本傳輸協(xié)議，基于TCP/IP通信協(xié)議來傳遞數(shù)據(jù)；傳輸層：TCP傳輸控制協(xié)議，采用三次握手的方式建立連接，形成數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通道；網(wǎng)絡(luò)層：IP協(xié)議，作用是把各種傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)包發(fā)送給請求的接收方；

總感覺這個(gè)概念，和研發(fā)有點(diǎn)脫節(jié)；

一、基礎(chǔ)概念

不同設(shè)備之間通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，并且基于通用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議作為多種設(shè)備的兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信；

以C/S架構(gòu)來看，在一次請求當(dāng)中，客戶端和服務(wù)端進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)慕换r(shí)，在不同階段和層次中需要遵守的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議也不一樣；

應(yīng)用層：HTTP超文本傳輸協(xié)議，基于TCP/IP通信協(xié)議來傳遞數(shù)據(jù)；

傳輸層：TCP傳輸控制協(xié)議，采用三次握手的方式建立連接，形成數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通道；

網(wǎng)絡(luò)層：IP協(xié)議，作用是把各種傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)包發(fā)送給請求的接收方；

通信雙方進(jìn)行交互時(shí)，發(fā)送方數(shù)據(jù)在各層傳輸時(shí)，每通過一層就會(huì)添加該層的首部信息；接收方與之相反，每通過一次就會(huì)刪除該層的首部信息；

二、JDK源碼

在java.net源碼包中，提供了與網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)API；

1、InetAddress

封裝了對(duì)IP地址的相關(guān)操作，在使用該API之前可以先查看本機(jī)的hosts的映射，Linux系統(tǒng)中在/etc/hosts路徑下；

import java.net.InetAddress;
public class TestInet {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // 獲取本機(jī) InetAddress 對(duì)象
        InetAddress localHost = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
        printInetAddress(localHost);
        // 獲取指定域名 InetAddress 對(duì)象
        InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
        printInetAddress(inetAddress);
        // 獲取本機(jī)配置 InetAddress 對(duì)象
        InetAddress confAddress = InetAddress.getByName("nacos-service");
        printInetAddress(confAddress);
    }

    public static void printInetAddress (InetAddress inetAddress){
        System.out.println("InetAddress："+inetAddress);
        System.out.println("主機(jī)名："+inetAddress.getHostName());
        System.out.println("IP地址："+inetAddress.getHostAddress());
    }
}

2、URL

統(tǒng)一資源定位符，URL一般包括：協(xié)議、主機(jī)名、端口、路徑、查詢參數(shù)、錨點(diǎn)等，路徑+查詢參數(shù)，也被稱為文件；

import java.net.URL;
public class TestURL {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        URL url = new URL("https://www.baidu.com:80/s?wd=Java#bd") ;
        printURL(url);
    }
    private static void printURL (URL url){
        System.out.println("協(xié)議：" + url.getProtocol());
        System.out.println("域名：" + url.getHost());
        System.out.println("端口：" + url.getPort());
        System.out.println("路徑：" + url.getPath());
        System.out.println("參數(shù)：" + url.getQuery());
        System.out.println("文件：" + url.getFile());
        System.out.println("錨點(diǎn)：" + url.getRef());
    }
}

3、HttpURLConnection

作為URLConnection的抽象子類，用來處理針對(duì)Http協(xié)議的請求，可以設(shè)置連接超時(shí)、讀取超時(shí)、以及請求的其他屬性，是服務(wù)間通信的常用方式；

public class TestHttp {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // 訪問 網(wǎng)址 內(nèi)容
        URL url = new URL("https://www.jd.com");
        HttpURLConnection httpUrlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
        printHttp(httpUrlConnection);

        // 請求 服務(wù) 接口
        URL api = new URL("http://localhost:8082/info/99");
        HttpURLConnection apiConnection = (HttpURLConnection) api.openConnection();
        apiConnection.setRequestMethod("GET");
        apiConnection.setConnectTimeout(3000);
        printHttp(apiConnection);
    }

    private static void printHttp (HttpURLConnection httpUrlConnection) throws Exception{
        try (InputStream inputStream = httpUrlConnection.getInputStream()) {
            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            String line ;
            while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
                System.out.println(line);
            }
        }
    }
}

三、通信編程

1、Socket

Socket也被稱為套接字，是兩臺(tái)設(shè)備之間通信的端點(diǎn)，會(huì)把網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接當(dāng)成流處理，則數(shù)據(jù)以IO形式傳輸，這種方式在當(dāng)前被普遍采用；

從網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程直接跳到Socket套接字，概念上確實(shí)有較大跨度，概念過度抽象時(shí)，可以看看源碼的核心結(jié)構(gòu)，在理解時(shí)會(huì)輕松很多，在JDK中重點(diǎn)看SocketImpl抽象類；

public abstract class SocketImpl implements SocketOptions {
    // Socket對(duì)象，客戶端和服務(wù)端
    Socket socket = null;
    ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
    // 套接字的文件描述對(duì)象
    protected FileDescriptor fd;
    // 套接字的路由IP地址
    protected InetAddress address;
    // 套接字連接到的遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)上的端口號(hào)
    protected int port;
    // 套接字連接到的本地端口號(hào)
    protected int localport;
}

套接字的抽象實(shí)現(xiàn)類，是實(shí)現(xiàn)套接字的所有類的公共超類，可以用于創(chuàng)建客戶端和服務(wù)器套接字；

所以到底如何理解Socket概念？從抽象類中來看，套接字就是指代網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊中系統(tǒng)資源的核心標(biāo)識(shí)，比如通訊方IP地址、端口、狀態(tài)等；

2、SocketServer

創(chuàng)建Socket服務(wù)端，并且在8989端口監(jiān)聽，接收客戶端的連接請求和相關(guān)信息，并且響應(yīng)客戶端，發(fā)送指定的數(shù)據(jù)；

public class SocketServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // 1、創(chuàng)建Socket服務(wù)端
        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8989);
        System.out.println("socket-server:8989，waiting connect...");
        // 2、方法阻塞等待，直到有客戶端連接
        Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
        System.out.println("socket-server:8989，get connect:"+socket.getPort());
        // 3、輸入流，輸出流
        InputStream inStream = socket.getInputStream();
        OutputStream outStream = socket.getOutputStream();
        // 4、數(shù)據(jù)接收和響應(yīng)
        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        int readLen = 0;
        while ((readLen=inStream.read(buf)) != -1){
            // 接收數(shù)據(jù)
            String readVar = new String(buf, 0, readLen) ;
            if ("exit".equals(readVar)){
                break ;
            }
            System.out.println("recv："+readVar+"；time："+DateTime.now().toString(DatePattern.NORM_DATETIME_PATTERN));
            // 響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)
            outStream.write(("resp-time："+DateTime.now().toString(DatePattern.NORM_DATETIME_PATTERN)).getBytes());
        }
        // 5、資源關(guān)閉
        outStream.close();
        inStream.close();
        socket.close();
        serverSocket.close();
        System.out.println("socket-server:8989，exit...");
    }
}

需要注意的是步驟2輸出的端口號(hào)是隨機(jī)不確定的，結(jié)合jps和lsof -i tcp:port命令查看進(jìn)程和端口號(hào)的占用情況；

3、SocketClient

創(chuàng)建Socket客戶端，并且連接到服務(wù)端，讀取命令行輸入的內(nèi)容并發(fā)送到服務(wù)端，并且輸出服務(wù)端的響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)；

public class SocketClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // 1、創(chuàng)建Socket客戶端
        Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 8989);
        System.out.println("server-client，connect to:8989");
        // 2、輸入流，輸出流
        OutputStream outStream = socket.getOutputStream();
        InputStream inStream = socket.getInputStream();
        // 3、數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送和響應(yīng)接收
        int readLen = 0;
        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        while (true){
            // 讀取命令行輸入
            BufferedReader bufReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
            String iptLine = bufReader.readLine();
            if ("exit".equals(iptLine)){
                break;
            }
            // 發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)
            outStream.write(iptLine.getBytes());
            // 接收數(shù)據(jù)
            if ((readLen = inStream.read(buf)) != -1) {
                System.out.println(new String(buf, 0, readLen));
            }
        }
        // 4、資源關(guān)閉
        inStream.close();
        outStream.close();
        socket.close();
        System.out.println("socket-client，get exit command");
    }
}

測試結(jié)果：整個(gè)流程在沒有收到客戶端的exit退出指令前，會(huì)保持連接的狀態(tài)，并且可以基于字節(jié)流模式，進(jìn)行持續(xù)的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸；

4、字符流使用

基于上述的基礎(chǔ)案例，采用字符流的方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，客戶端和服務(wù)端只進(jìn)行一次簡單的交互；

-- 1、客戶端
BufferedReader bufReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inStream));
BufferedWriter bufWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outStream));
// 客戶端發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)
bufWriter.write("hello,server");
bufWriter.newLine();
bufWriter.flush();
// 客戶端接收數(shù)據(jù)
System.out.println("client-read："+bufReader.readLine());

-- 2、服務(wù)端
BufferedReader bufReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inStream));
BufferedWriter bufWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outStream));
// 服務(wù)端接收數(shù)據(jù)
System.out.println("server-read："+bufReader.readLine());
// 服務(wù)端響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)
bufWriter.write("hello,client");
bufWriter.newLine();
bufWriter.flush();

5、文件傳輸

基于上述的基礎(chǔ)案例，客戶端向服務(wù)端發(fā)送圖片文件，服務(wù)端完成文件的讀取和保存，在處理完成后給客戶端發(fā)送結(jié)果描述；

-- 1、客戶端
// 客戶端發(fā)送圖片
FileInputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream("Local_File_Path/jvm.png");
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
int i = 0;
while ((i = fileStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
    outStream.write(bytes);
}
// 寫入結(jié)束標(biāo)記，禁用此套接字的輸出流，之后再使用輸出流會(huì)拋異常
socket.shutdownOutput();
// 接收服務(wù)端響應(yīng)結(jié)果
System.out.println("server-resp："+new String(bytes,0,readLen));

-- 2、服務(wù)端
// 接收客戶端圖片
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("Local_File_Path/new_jvm.png");
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
int i = 0;
while ((i = inStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
    fileOutputStream.write(bytes, 0, i);
}
// 響應(yīng)客戶端文件處理結(jié)果
outStream.write("file-save-success".getBytes());

6、TCP協(xié)議

Socket網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程是基于TCP協(xié)議的，TCP傳輸控制協(xié)議是一種面向連接的、可靠的、基于字節(jié)流的傳輸層通信協(xié)議，在上述案例中側(cè)重基于流的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，其中關(guān)于連接還涉及兩個(gè)核心概念：

三次握手：建立連接的過程，在這個(gè)過程中進(jìn)行了三次網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信，當(dāng)連接處于建立的狀態(tài)，就可以進(jìn)行正常的通信，即數(shù)據(jù)傳輸；四次揮手：關(guān)閉連接的過程，調(diào)用close方法，即連接使用結(jié)束，在這個(gè)過程中進(jìn)行了四次網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信；

四、Http組件

在服務(wù)通信時(shí)依賴網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而對(duì)于編程來說，更常見的是的Http的組件，在微服務(wù)架構(gòu)中，涉及到Http組件工具有很多，例如Spring框架中的RestTemplate，F(xiàn)eign框架支持ApacheHttp和OkHttp；下面圍繞幾個(gè)常用的組件編寫測試案例；

1、基礎(chǔ)接口

@RestController
public class BizWeb {

    @GetMapping("/getApi/{id}")
    public Rep<Integer> getApi(@PathVariable Integer id){
        log.info("id={}",id);
        return Rep.ok(id) ;
    }

    @GetMapping("/getApi_v2/{id}")
    public Rep<Integer> getApiV2(HttpServletRequest request,
                                 @PathVariable Integer id,
                                 @RequestParam("name") String name){
        String token = request.getHeader("Token");
        log.info("token={},id={},name={}",token,id,name);
        return Rep.ok(id) ;
    }

    @PostMapping("/postApi")
    public Rep<IdKey> postApi(HttpServletRequest request,@RequestBody IdKey idKey){
        String token = request.getHeader("Token");
        log.info("token={},idKey={}", token,JSONUtil.toJsonStr(idKey));
        return Rep.ok(idKey) ;
    }

    @PutMapping("/putApi")
    public Rep<IdKey> putApi(@RequestBody IdKey idKey){
        log.info("idKey={}", JSONUtil.toJsonStr(idKey));
        return Rep.ok(idKey) ;
    }

    @DeleteMapping("/delApi/{id}")
    public Rep<Integer> delApi(@PathVariable Integer id){
        log.info("id={}",id);
        return Rep.ok(id) ;
    }
}

2、ApacheHttp

public class TestApacheHttp {

    private static final String BASE_URL = "http://localhost:8083" ;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BasicHeader header = new BasicHeader("Token","ApacheSup") ;

        // 1、發(fā)送Get請求
        Map<String,String> param = new HashMap<>() ;
        param.put("name","cicada") ;
        Rep getRep = doGet(BASE_URL+"/getApi_v2/3",header,param, Rep.class);
        System.out.println("get："+getRep);

        // 2、發(fā)送Post請求
        IdKey postBody = new IdKey(1,"id-key-我") ;
        Rep postRep = doPost (BASE_URL+"/postApi", header, postBody, Rep.class);
        System.out.println("post："+postRep);
    }
    /**
     * 構(gòu)建HttpClient對(duì)象
     */
    private static CloseableHttpClient buildHttpClient (){
        // 請求配置
        RequestConfig reqConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectTimeout(6000).build();
        return HttpClients.custom()
                .setDefaultRequestConfig(reqConfig).build();
    }
    /**
     * 執(zhí)行Get請求
     */
    public static <T> T doGet (String url, Header header, Map<String,String> param,
                               Class<T> repClass) {
        // 創(chuàng)建Get請求
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = buildHttpClient();
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet();
        httpGet.addHeader(header);
        try {
            URIBuilder builder = new URIBuilder(url);
            if (param != null) {
                for (String key : param.keySet()) {
                    builder.addParameter(key, param.get(key));
                }
            }
            httpGet.setURI(builder.build());
            // 請求執(zhí)行
            HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
            if (httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
                // 結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換
                String resp = EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity());
                return JSONUtil.toBean(resp, repClass);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            IoUtil.close(httpClient);
        }
        return null;
    }
    /**
     * 執(zhí)行Post請求
     */
    public static <T> T doPost (String url, Header header, Object body,Class<T> repClass) {
        // 創(chuàng)建Post請求
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = buildHttpClient();
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
        httpPost.addHeader(header);
        StringEntity conBody = new StringEntity(JSONUtil.toJsonStr(body),ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON);
        httpPost.setEntity(conBody);
        try {
            // 請求執(zhí)行
            HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
            if (httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {
                // 結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換
                String resp = EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity());
                return JSONUtil.toBean(resp, repClass);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            IoUtil.close(httpClient);
        }
        return null;
    }
}

3、OkHttp

public class TestOkHttp {

    private static final String BASE_URL = "http://localhost:8083" ;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Headers headers = new Headers.Builder().add("Token","OkHttpSup").build() ;

        // 1、發(fā)送Get請求
        Rep getRep = execute(BASE_URL+"/getApi/1", Method.GET.name(), headers, null, Rep.class);
        System.out.println("get："+getRep);

        // 2、發(fā)送Post請求
        IdKey postBody = new IdKey(1,"id-key") ;
        Rep postRep = execute(BASE_URL+"/postApi", Method.POST.name(), headers, buildBody(postBody), Rep.class);
        System.out.println("post："+postRep);

        // 3、發(fā)送Put請求
        IdKey putBody = new IdKey(2,"key-id") ;
        Rep putRep = execute(BASE_URL+"/putApi", Method.PUT.name(), headers, buildBody(putBody), Rep.class);
        System.out.println("put："+putRep);

        // 4、發(fā)送Delete請求
        Rep delRep = execute(BASE_URL+"/delApi/2", Method.DELETE.name(), headers, null, Rep.class);
        System.out.println("del："+delRep);
    }
    /**
     * 構(gòu)建JSON請求體
     */
    public static RequestBody buildBody (Object body){
        MediaType mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/json; charset=utf-8");
        return RequestBody.create(mediaType, JSONUtil.toJsonStr(body)) ;
    }
    /**
     * 構(gòu)建OkHttpClient對(duì)象
     */
    public static OkHttpClient buildOkHttp () {
        return new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .readTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS).connectTimeout(6, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .connectionPool(new ConnectionPool(15, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
                .build();
    }
    /**
     * 執(zhí)行請求
     */
    public static <T> T execute (String url, String method,
                                 Headers headers, RequestBody body,
                                 Class<T> repClass) {
        // 請求創(chuàng)建
        OkHttpClient httpClient = buildOkHttp() ;
        Request.Builder requestBuild = new Request.Builder()
                .url(url).method(method, body);
        if (headers != null) {
            requestBuild.headers(headers);
        }
        try  {
            // 請求執(zhí)行
            Response response = httpClient.newCall(requestBuild.build()).execute();
            // 結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換
            InputStream inStream = null;
            if (response.isSuccessful()) {
                ResponseBody responseBody = response.body();
                if (responseBody != null) {
                    inStream = responseBody.byteStream();
                }
            }
            if (inStream != null) {
                try {
                    byte[] respByte = IoUtil.readBytes(inStream);
                    if (respByte != null) {
                        return JSONUtil.toBean(new String(respByte, Charset.defaultCharset()), repClass);
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } finally {
                    IoUtil.close(inStream);
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
}

4、RestTemplate

public class TestRestTemplate {

    private static final String BASE_URL = "http://localhost:8083" ;
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        RestTemplate restTemplate = buildRestTemplate() ;
        // 1、發(fā)送Get請求
        Map<String,String> paramMap = new HashMap<>() ;
        Rep getRep = restTemplate.getForObject(BASE_URL+"/getApi/1",Rep.class,paramMap);
        System.out.println("get："+getRep);

        // 2、發(fā)送Post請求
        IdKey idKey = new IdKey(1,"id-key") ;
        Rep postRep = restTemplate.postForObject(BASE_URL+"/postApi",idKey,Rep.class);
        System.out.println("post："+postRep);

        // 3、發(fā)送Put請求
        IdKey idKey2 = new IdKey(2,"key-id") ;
        restTemplate.put(BASE_URL+"/putApi",idKey2,paramMap);

        // 4、發(fā)送Delete請求
        restTemplate.delete(BASE_URL+"/delApi/2",paramMap);

        // 5、自定義Header請求
        HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders();
        headers.add("Token","AdminSup");
        HttpEntity<IdKey> requestEntity = new HttpEntity<>(idKey, headers);
        ResponseEntity<Rep> respEntity = restTemplate.exchange(BASE_URL+"/postApi",
                                            HttpMethod.POST, requestEntity, Rep.class);
        System.out.println("post-header："+respEntity.getBody());
    }

    private static RestTemplate buildRestTemplate (){
        // 1、參數(shù)配置
        SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory factory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();
        factory.setReadTimeout(3000);
        factory.setConnectTimeout(6000);
        // 2、創(chuàng)建對(duì)象
        return new RestTemplate(factory) ;
    }
}

五、參考源碼

編程文檔：
https://gitee.com/cicadasmile/butte-java-note

應(yīng)用倉庫：
https://gitee.com/cicadasmile/butte-flyer-parent