第二部分：

String.Format("{0}", "formatting string"};
Tue, 14 Jul 2004 19:30:00 GMT
One of the painful things about good old ASP was string formatting, VBScript simply didn't have anything useful. C# (and VB.Net) do, but MSDN doesn't provide a quick reference to the formatting options. So here's a quick reference.

To compare string formatting in C# to those in C lets have an example,

char szOutput[256];
sprintf(szOutput, "At loop position %d.\n", i);

sprintf takes an output buffer, a format string and any number of arguments to substitute into the format string.

The C# equivalent for sprintf is String.Format, which takes a format string and the arguments. It returns a string, and because you're not passing in a buffer there's no chance of a buffer overflow.

string outputString = String.Format("At loop position {0}.\n", i);

So why doesn't have the format argument have parameters specifying what data type you're formatting? The CLR objects have metadata which informs the CLR what the objects are, and each object has a standard ToString() method which returns a string representation of that object. Much nicer than C where if you passed the wrong type of variable into sprintf everything could come crashing down.

The ToString method can accept a string parameter which tells the object how to format itself. In the call to String.Format , the formatting string is passed after the position, for example, "{0:##}". The text inside the curly braces is {argumentIndex[,alignment][:formatString]}. If alignment is positive, the text is right-padding to fill the specified field length, if it's negative, it's left-padded.

formatting strings
There's not much formatting that can be applied to a string. Only the padding / alignment formatting options can be applied. These options are also available to every argument, regardless of type.

example output
String.Format("--{1,10}--", "test"); --      test--
String.Format("--{1,-10}--", "test"); --test      --

formatting numbers
Number formatting is culture dependant. For example, formatting a currency string on my laptop will return a result like ￡9.99, formatting a currency on a machine set for the US region would return $9.99.

specifier type format output
(double 1.2345) output
(int -12345)
c currency {0:c} ￡1.23 -￡12,345.00
d decimal
(whole number) {0:d} System.FormatException -12345
e exponent / scientific {0:e} 1.234500e+000 -1.234500e+004
f fixed point {0:f} 1.23 -12345.00
g general {0:g} 1.2345 -12345
n number {0:n} 1.23 -12,345.00
r round trippable {0:r} 1.23 System.FormatException
x hexadecimal {0:x4} System.FormatException ffffcfc7

custom number formatting
specifier type format output
(double 1234.56)
0 zero placeholder {0:00.000} 1234.560
# digit placeholder {0:#.##} 1234.56
. decimal point placeholder {0:0.0} 1234.6
, thousand separator {0:0,0} 1,235
% percentage {0:0%} 123456%

In addition there is the group separator; this is useful for varying the format, depending on the value of the parameter passed. For example

String.Format("{0:￡#,##0.00;(￡#,##0.00);Nothing}", value);

This will output "￡1,240.00" if passed 1243.56.  It will output the same format bracketed if the value is negative "(￡1,240.00)", and will output the string "Nothing" if the number is zero.

date formatting
Date formats are very dependant on the culture information passed. The examples below are shown using the UK culture.

specifier type output
(June 8, 1970 12:30:59)
d Short Date 08/06/1970
D Long Date 08 June 1970
t Short Time 12:30
T Long Time 12:30:59
f Full date and time 08 June 1970 12:30
F Full date and time (long) 08 June 1970 12:30:59
g Default date and time 08/06/1970 12:30
G Default date and time (long) 08/06/1970 12:30:59
M Day / Month 8 June
r RFC1123 date string Mon, 08 Jun 1970 12:30:59 GMT
s Sortable date/time 1970-06-08T12:30:59
u Universal time, local timezone 1970-06-08 12:30:59Z
Y Month / Year June 1970

custom date formatting
specifier type output
(June 8, 1970 12:30:59)
dd Day 08
ddd Short Day Name Mon
dddd Full Day Name Monday
hh 2 digit hour 12
HH 2 digit hour (24 hour) 12
mm 2 digit minute 30
MM Month 06
MMM Short Month name Jun
MMMM Month name June
ss seconds 59
tt AM/PM PM
yy 2 digit year 70
yyyy 4 digit year 1970
: seperator, e.g. {0:hh:mm:ss} 12:30:59
/ seperator, e.g. {0:dd/mm/yyyy} 08/06/1970

There are others, including time zone formatting and so on, but the ones above are the most commonly used.

culture information
string.format also provides a method which accepts a CultureInfo argument, as an IFormatProvider. This is important when trying to write portable and localisable code, as, for example, month names will change according to the local culture of the machine you are running on. Rather than simply call the standard String.Format you should consider always calling the overloaded culture method. If you don't need to specify a culture you can use the System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture. This will then default your formatting to English, as opposed to the culture of the current thread.