# 正確
try:
    ……
except Exception as e:
    raise MyException('Error Message!')

# 錯誤
    raise MyException, 'Error Message'raise 'Error Message'

class Error(Exception):
    def __init__(self,err='XXX錯誤'):
        Exception.__init__(self,err)

class DatabaseException(Error):
    def __init__(self,err='數(shù)據(jù)庫錯誤'):
        DatabaseException.__init__(self,err)

## Ex1
def get_numbers():
    return 1, 2, 3

a, b, c = get_numbers()

## Ex2 class
class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name, gender, age, weight):
        self.name = name
        self.gender = gender
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight

## Ex3 namedtuple
import collections
Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name gender age weight')

## Ex4 dict
def get_person_info():
    return Person('jjp', 'MALE', 30, 130)

person = get_person_info()

# ============ YES ============
for key in adict:
    ....
if key not in adict: 
    ....
if obj in alist:
    ....
for line in afile:
    ....
for k, v in dict.iteritems():
    ....

# 刪除畢業(yè)學(xué)生
for id in students.keys():
    if students[id].graduated:
        del students[id]

# ============ No ============
for key in adict.keys(): 
    ....
if not adict.has_key(key): 
    ....
for line in afile.readlines(): 
    ....

#刪除畢業(yè)學(xué)生
for id in students:
    if students[id].graduated:
        del students[id]      # 拋出RuntimeError異常

#返回n以內(nèi)的奇數(shù)
def odds(n):
    for i in xrange(1, n + 1):
        if i % 2 == 1:
            yield i

for i in odds(1000):
    print i

# ============================

def odds(n):
    ret = []
    for i in xrange(1, n + 1):
        if i % 2 == 1:
            ret.append(i)
    return ret

for i in odds(1000):
    print i

def foo(a, b=None):
    if b is None:
        b = []

import math

class Square(object):
    """ [A square with two properties: a writable area and a read-only perimeter.]

    To use:
    >>> sq = Square(3)
    >>> sq.area
    9
    >>> sq.perimeter
    12
    >>> sq.area = 16
    >>> sq.side
    4
    >>> sq.perimeter
    16
    """

    def __init__(self, side):
        self.side = side

    def __get_area(self):
        '''Calculates the 'area' property.'''
        return self.side ** 2

    def __set_area(self, area):
        '''Sets the 'area' property.'''
        self.side = math.sqrt(area)

    def __del_area(self, area):
        '''Del the 'area' property.'''
        del self.side

    area = property(__get_area, __set_area,
                    doc="""Gets or sets the area of the square.""")

    @property
    def perimeter(self):
        return self.side * 4

if users is None or len(users) == 0:
    print 'no users'

foo = True
if not foo:
    self.handle_zero()

if i % 10 == 0:
    self.handle_multiple_of_ten()

# Aligned with opening delimiter
foo = long_function_name(var_one, var_two,
                         var_three, var_four)

# 4-space hanging indent in a dictionary
foo = {
    long_dictionary_key:
        long_dictionary_value,
    ...
}

"""[parse error message]

    Args:
        e (error): [error]
    Returns:
        str: [parsed error message]
    Raises:
        IOError: An error occurred accessing the bigtable.Table object.
"""

import os
import sys

from third.party import lib
from third.party import foobar as fb

import my.own.module

class SampleClass(object):
    pass

class OuterClass(object):
    class InnerClass(object):
        pass

class ChildClass(ParentClass):
    """Explicitly inherits from another class already."""

     x = '%s, %s!' % (imperative, expletive)
     x = '{}, {}!'.format(imperative, expletive)
     x = 'name: %s; score: %d' % (name, n)
     x = 'name: {}; score: {}'.format(name, n)

     items = ['<table>']
     for last_name, first_name in employee_list:
         items.append('<tr><td>%s, %s</td></tr>' % (last_name, first_name))
     items.append('</table>')
     employee_table = ''.join(items)

with open("hello.txt") as hello_file:
    for line in hello_file:
        print line

# math_test.py
# !/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: gb18030 -*-

import unittest
import math

class MathTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_sqrt(self):
        self.assertEqual(math.sqrt(4) * math.sqrt(4), 4)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

# log.py
import os
import logging
import logging.handlers

def init_log(log_path, level=logging.INFO, when="D", backup=7,
             format="%(levelname)s: %(asctime)s: %(filename)s:%(lineno)d * %(thread)d %(message)s",
             datefmt="%m-%d %H:%M:%S"):
    """
    init_log - initialize log module

    Args:
      log_path      - Log file path prefix.
                      Log data will go to two files: log_path.log and log_path.log.wf
                      Any non-exist parent directories will be created automatically
      level         - msg above the level will be displayed
                      DEBUG < INFO < WARNING < ERROR < CRITICAL
                      the default value is logging.INFO
      when          - how to split the log file by time interval
                      'S' : Seconds
                      'M' : Minutes
                      'H' : Hours
                      'D' : Days
                      'W' : Week day
                      default value: 'D'
      format        - format of the log
                      default format:
                      %(levelname)s: %(asctime)s: %(filename)s:%(lineno)d * %(thread)d %(message)s
                      INFO: 12-09 18:02:42: log.py:40 * 139814749787872 HELLO WORLD
      backup        - how many backup file to keep
                      default value: 7

    Raises:
        OSError: fail to create log directories
        IOError: fail to open log file
    """
    formatter = logging.Formatter(format, datefmt)
    logger = logging.getLogger()
    logger.setLevel(level)

    dir = os.path.dirname(log_path)
    if not os.path.isdir(dir):
        os.makedirs(dir)

    handler = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(log_path + ".log",
                                                        when=when,
                                                        backupCount=backup)
    handler.setLevel(level)
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    logger.addHandler(handler)

    handler = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(log_path + ".log.wf",
                                                        when=when,
                                                        backupCount=backup)
    handler.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    logger.addHandler(handler)